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whereas those in theology (or metaphysics) are based on conjecture. This
point is clear to those who have studied the matter deeply for themselves‟.

If such a person is fixed in this belief which he has chosen out of respect
for authority (taqlid), he is not moved by this argument but is carried by
strength of passion, love of vanity and the desire to be thought clever to
persist in his good opinion of the philosophers with regard to all the
sciences.

This is a great drawback, and because of it those who devote themselves
eagerly to the mathematical sciences ought to be restrained. Even if their
subject-matter is not relevant to religion, yet, since they belong to the
foundations of the philosophical sciences, the student is infected with the
evil and corruption of the philosophers. Few devote themselves to this study
without being stripped of religion and having the bridle of godly fear
removed from their heads.

(b) The second drawback arises from the man who is loyal to Islam but
ignorant. He thinks that religion must be defended by rejecting every